From 6a6871ea54aa6c8aa768c89a1d90fe00e69d6343 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Matt Hillsdon <matt.hillsdon@microbit.org>
Date: Wed, 20 May 2026 19:54:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] fix: CSS back to <style> for Safari/cascade reasons (#9908)

Reverts the storage mechanism introduced in #9611 (constructable
stylesheets via `adoptedStyleSheets`) while keeping the per-root
injection-site tracking that #9611 added for shadow-DOM support.

Motivations:

- Safari 15.4 compatibility. `new CSSStyleSheet()` and
  `adoptedStyleSheets` require Safari 16.4+
- Cascade order. `adoptedStyleSheets` apply after `<style>`/`<link>`
  elements in the document, so Blockly's defaults silently overrode
  host stylesheets. Prepending a `<style>` to the head (or to the
  shadow root) restores the pre-#9611 behavior where any author
  stylesheet declared later wins on specificity ties.

Trade-offs:

- Per-shadow-root CSS text is duplicated rather than shared via a
  single adopted sheet object. Negligible for typical use.
- `Css.register()` calls made after the first `inject()` no longer
  reach already-injected roots (same as #9611's behavior); subsequent
  `inject()` calls into other roots still pick them up. Web-component
  consumers can legitimately register late, so this is preferred to
  reinstating the pre-#9611 throw.

Fixes #9876
---
 packages/blockly/core/css.ts                  | 31 +++++++++----------
 .../core/renderers/common/constants.ts        | 18 +++++------
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/packages/blockly/core/css.ts b/packages/blockly/core/css.ts
index 46abe465c..6e935a7ec 100644
--- a/packages/blockly/core/css.ts
+++ b/packages/blockly/core/css.ts
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@
  */
 
 // Former goog.module ID: Blockly.Css
-/** Has CSS already been injected? */
 const injectionSites = new WeakSet<Document | ShadowRoot>();
-const registeredStyleSheets: Array<CSSStyleSheet> = [];
+const registeredCss: Array<string> = [];
 import * as userAgent from './utils/useragent.js';
 
 /**
@@ -17,11 +16,7 @@ import * as userAgent from './utils/useragent.js';
  * @param cssContent Multiline CSS string or an array of single lines of CSS.
  */
 export function register(cssContent: string) {
-  if (typeof window === 'undefined' || !window.CSSStyleSheet) return;
-
-  const sheet = new CSSStyleSheet();
-  sheet.replace(cssContent);
-  registeredStyleSheets.push(sheet);
+  registeredCss.push(cssContent);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -41,24 +36,26 @@ export function inject(
   hasCss: boolean,
   pathToMedia: string,
 ) {
-  if (!hasCss || typeof window === 'undefined' || !window.CSSStyleSheet) {
-    return;
-  }
+  if (!hasCss || typeof window === 'undefined') return;
 
   const root = container.getRootNode() as Document | ShadowRoot;
-  // Only inject the CSS once.
   if (injectionSites.has(root)) return;
   injectionSites.add(root);
 
   // Strip off any trailing slash (either Unix or Windows).
   const mediaPath = pathToMedia.replace(/[\\/]$/, '');
-  const cssContent = content.replace(/<<<PATH>>>/g, mediaPath);
+  const cssText = [content, ...registeredCss]
+    .join('\n')
+    .replace(/<<<PATH>>>/g, mediaPath);
 
-  const sheet = new CSSStyleSheet();
-  sheet.replace(cssContent);
-  root.adoptedStyleSheets.push(sheet);
-
-  registeredStyleSheets.forEach((sheet) => root.adoptedStyleSheets.push(sheet));
+  const styleEl = document.createElement('style');
+  styleEl.id = 'blockly-common-style';
+  styleEl.textContent = cssText;
+  // Prepend so Blockly's rules sit at the start of the cascade; any user
+  // stylesheet declared later wins by document order. Style elements appended
+  // to the light DOM don't apply inside shadow roots, so for the shadow DOM
+  // case we prepend the style element to the shadow root itself.
+  (root instanceof ShadowRoot ? root : document.head).prepend(styleEl);
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/packages/blockly/core/renderers/common/constants.ts b/packages/blockly/core/renderers/common/constants.ts
index 8efe0ae33..20a7f7b1a 100644
--- a/packages/blockly/core/renderers/common/constants.ts
+++ b/packages/blockly/core/renderers/common/constants.ts
@@ -1126,17 +1126,15 @@ export class ConstantProvider {
    * @param selector The CSS selector to interpolate into the stylesheet.
    */
   protected injectCSS_(root: Document | ShadowRoot, selector: string) {
-    if (
-      typeof window === 'undefined' ||
-      !window.CSSStyleSheet ||
-      injectionSites.get(selector)?.has(root)
-    ) {
-      return;
-    }
+    if (typeof window === 'undefined') return;
+    if (injectionSites.get(selector)?.has(root)) return;
 
-    const sheet = new CSSStyleSheet();
-    sheet.replace(this.getCSS_(selector).join('\n'));
-    root.adoptedStyleSheets.push(sheet);
+    const styleEl = document.createElement('style');
+    styleEl.className = 'blockly-renderer-style';
+    styleEl.textContent = this.getCSS_(selector).join('\n');
+    // See css.ts inject() for the rationale on prepending and shadow root
+    // handling.
+    (root instanceof ShadowRoot ? root : document.head).prepend(styleEl);
 
     const sitesForSelector =
       injectionSites.get(selector) ?? new WeakSet<Document | ShadowRoot>();