Title: Key Values

## Functions for manipulating keyboard codes

Key values are the codes which are sent whenever a key is pressed or released.
They are included in the data contained in a key press or release `GdkEvent`.
The complete list of key values can be found in the `gdk/gdkkeysyms.h` header
file.

Key values are regularly updated from the upstream X.org X11 implementation,
so new values are added regularly. They will be prefixed with GDK_KEY_ rather
than XF86XK_ or XK_ (for older symbols).

Key values can be converted into a string representation using
gdk_keyval_name(). The reverse function, converting a string to a key value,
is provided by gdk_keyval_from_name().

The case of key values can be determined using gdk_keyval_is_upper() and
gdk_keyval_is_lower(). Key values can be converted to upper or lower case
using gdk_keyval_to_upper() and gdk_keyval_to_lower().

When it makes sense, key values can be converted to and from
Unicode characters with gdk_keyval_to_unicode() and gdk_unicode_to_keyval().

## Key groups

At the lowest level, physical keys on the keyboard are represented by
numeric keycodes, and GDK knows how to translate these keycodes into
key values according to the configured keyboard layout and the current
state of the keyboard. In the GDK api, the mapping from keycodes to key
values is available via [method@Gdk.Display.map_keycode], and the reverse
mapping is available via [method@Gdk.Display.map_keyval]. The results of
these functions are returned in [struct@Gdk.KeymapKey] structures.

You can think of a [struct@Gdk.KeymapKey] as a representation of a symbol
printed on a physical keyboard key. That is, it contains three pieces of
information:

  1. first, it contains the hardware keycode; this is an identifying number
    for a physical key
  1. second, it contains the “level” of the key. The level indicates which
    symbol on the key will be used, in a vertical direction. So on a standard
    US keyboard, the key with the number “1“ on it also has the exclamation
    point (”!”) character on it. The level indicates whether to use the “1”
    or the “!” symbol. The letter keys are considered to have a lowercase
    letter at level 0, and an uppercase letter at level 1, though normally
    only the uppercase letter is printed on the key
  1. third, the [struct@Gdk.KeymapKey] contains a group; groups are not used on
     standard US keyboards, but are used in many other countries. On a
     keyboard with groups, there can be 3 or 4 symbols printed on a single
     key. The group indicates movement in a horizontal direction. Usually
     groups are used for two different languages. In group 0, a key might
     have two English characters, and in group 1 it might have two Hebrew
     characters. The Hebrew characters will be printed on the key next to
     the English characters.

When GDK creates a key event in order to deliver a key press or release,
it first converts the current keyboard state into an effective group and
level. This is done via a set of rules that varies widely according to
type of keyboard and user configuration. The input to this translation
consists of the hardware keycode pressed, the active modifiers, and the
active group. It then applies the appropriate rules, and returns the
group/level to be used to index the keymap, along with the modifiers
which did not affect the group and level. i.e. it returns “unconsumed
modifiers.” The keyboard group may differ from the effective group used
for lookups because some keys don't have multiple groups - e.g. the
<kbd>Enter</kbd> key is always in group 0 regardless of keyboard state.

The results of the translation, including the keyval, are all included
in the key event and can be obtained via [class@Gdk.KeyEvent] getters.

### Consumed modifiers

The `consumed_modifiers` in a key event are modifiers that should be masked
out from @state when comparing this key press to a hot key. For instance,
on a US keyboard, the `plus` symbol is shifted, so when comparing a key
press to a `<Control>plus` accelerator `<Shift>` should be masked out.

```c
// We want to ignore irrelevant modifiers like ScrollLock
#define ALL_ACCELS_MASK (GDK_CONTROL_MASK | GDK_SHIFT_MASK | GDK_ALT_MASK)
state = gdk_event_get_modifier_state (event);
gdk_keymap_translate_keyboard_state (keymap,
                                     gdk_key_event_get_keycode (event),
                                     state,
                                     gdk_key_event_get_group (event),
                                     &keyval, NULL, NULL, &consumed);
if (keyval == GDK_PLUS &&
    (state & ~consumed & ALL_ACCELS_MASK) == GDK_CONTROL_MASK)
  // Control was pressed
```

An older interpretation of `consumed_modifiers` was that it contained
all modifiers that might affect the translation of the key;
this allowed accelerators to be stored with irrelevant consumed
modifiers, by doing:

```c
// XXX Don’t do this XXX
if (keyval == accel_keyval &&
    (state & ~consumed & ALL_ACCELS_MASK) == (accel_mods & ~consumed))
  // Accelerator was pressed
```

However, this did not work if multi-modifier combinations were
used in the keymap, since, for instance, `<Control>` would be
masked out even if only `<Control><Alt>` was used in
the keymap. To support this usage as well as well as possible, all single
modifier combinations that could affect the key for any combination
of modifiers will be returned in `consumed_modifiers`; multi-modifier
combinations are returned only when actually found in `state`. When
you store accelerators, you should always store them with consumed
modifiers removed. Store `<Control>plus`, not `<Control><Shift>plus`.
