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# micro:bit V2 MicroPython Cookbook (Updating)
# micro:bit V2 MicroPython Cookbook
![1](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/44191076/79871966-c0ae8b00-8417-11ea-8255-cbc681d12b8d.jpg)
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## About micro:bit's MicroPython
micro:bit's MicroPython is developed by Damien George. Like all other MicroPython variants, it is based on Python 3.4 and has most of the built-ins in a standard CPython 3.4. Of course, this also means features from newer Python and a lot of modules (built-in libraries) are unavaliable (for example, no f-string and dictionaries would still store value pairs with random order). There are also modules designed specifically for micro:bit or general microcontrollers.
micro:bit's MicroPython is developed by [Damien George](https://github.com/dpgeorge), after the initial effort to [bring Python onto micro:bit](https://ntoll.org/article/story-micropython-on-microbit/) failed. Theer are two other major variants: [MicroPython](https://micropython.org/) and Adafruit's [CircuitPython](https://circuitpython.org/).
As MicroPython is a dynamic/interpreted language like CPython, it is slower than Arduino's C++ and requires more memory. If the firmware does not exist on the micro:bit, the official editor would install it as well. The user script cannot be too long and is very easy to run out of memory on micro:bit V1 (which has only 16 KB RAM). For micro:bit V2 (128 KB RAM) this is no longer a big problem. Nevertheless, Bluetooth support are still unavailable in both V1/V2 version.
All MicroPython variants are based on standard Python or CPython `3.4`, while the other MicroPython versions incorporated a few features from newer Python. Unlike the ["fake" Python in the MakeCode editor](https://makecode.com/python), these are actual Python interpreters with full language syntax support, all basic built-ins along with a few special modules for the microcontrollers. On the other hand, most of the built-in modules are not available due to the hardware limitation. Not that we'll need them a lot for STEM education anyway.
As Python is a dynamic interpreted language, it is slower than compiled languages like C++ and requires more memory, although on micro:bit V2s (with 128 KB RAM instead of 16 KB of V1s) this is no longer a big issue. With 512 KB flash onboard, you can actually write and store some text data as well!
The firmware - the MicroPython interpreter - will be flashed onto the micro:bit when you upload the code for the first time. Actually, the firmware and the script will be [bundled together as a single .hex file](https://tech.microbit.org/software/hex-format/) to be uploaded into the [DAPLink interface](https://tech.microbit.org/software/daplink-interface/), which creates a fake "USB drive" on your computer. If the firmware is present, only the user script needs to be updated.
## Ask Help From REPL
REPL (Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop) or "Serial" in the official editor is a very useful testing tool, although it is in fact a standard Python feature. You may need to press Ctrl + C in the REPL screen to force the device enter REPL mode.
REPL (Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop) or "Serial" in the official editor is a very useful testing tool, although it is in fact simply the command line-like interface of the MicroPython interpreter, for with you can run one or a few lines of Python code at a time. And here's some basic things you can do with it.
Get some help:
@@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ List all MicroPython modules:
> help('modules')
```
To see what's inside a module or submodule/function/attribute:
To see what's inside a module or submodule/function/attribute (has to be imported first):
```
> import microbit
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print(mem_info(1))
```
You can also use garbage collection to free some memory:
You can also use garbage collection to free some memory if possible:
```python
import gc
@@ -91,6 +95,26 @@ gc.enable() # enable automatic memory recycle
gc.collect() # force memory recycle
```
## Write and Read Text Files
Data can be preserved as files onboard until a new script is flashed onto it.
Write a file:
```python
with open(r'/path/filename') as file:
for line in file:
print(line) # read a line
```
Read a file:
```python
with open(r'/path/filename', 'w') as file:
for line in file:
file.write("line\n") # write a line
```
### Classic Blinky (LED screen)
```python
@@ -533,7 +557,7 @@ for prime in primes:
## Morse Code Machine
This allows you to enter your message into micro:bit and convert it to Morse code with the LED screen and buzzer. Go to the REPL mode and you'll see the promot.
This allows you to enter your message into micro:bit and convert it to Morse code with the LED screen and buzzer. Go to the REPL mode and you'll see the prompt.
```python
from microbit import display, Image, set_volume, sleep